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Fe(-Si)(氢)氧化物作为海底热液系统的重要组成部分,是记录其地质特征、环境演化和生物信息的重要载体。研究表明,Fe(-Si)(氢)氧化物具有3种典型的形成机制:原生硫化物的直接氧化;低温热液流体的沉淀;微生物介导的矿化作用。由硫化物氧化形成的Fe(氢)氧化物是典型的化学成因结构,主要由针铁矿以及少量赤铁矿、纤铁矿、水铁矿、施氏矿物和黄钠铁矾等组成。它们或由硫化物的氧化-水解-沉淀产生或由前体矿物的固态转化形成。低温热液流体沉淀产生的矿物主要包括蛋白石、Si-水铁矿和绿脱石,温度是控制这些矿物沉淀的主要因素。其中,蛋白石首先沉淀,随着温度下降,Si-水铁矿和绿脱石依次沉淀。此外,在Fe(-Si)(氢)氧化物堆积体上存在大量形态和组成特殊的超显微结构,如鞘、秆和扭曲秆等。它们是Leptothrix ochracea、Mariprofundus ferrooxidans和Gallionella ferroginea在生命活动中产生的Fe氧化物壳。本文系统地总结了海底热液系统不同类型Fe(-Si)(氢)氧化物的起源与形成机制,为理解风化残留铁帽的演化过程与条带状铁建造的成岩作用提供了线索。
Abstract:Fe(-Si)(oxyhydr)oxides are significant constituents in submarine hydrothermal systems, serving as an important carrier in geological,environmental, and biological information. Fe(-Si)(oxyhydr)oxides have three formation mechanisms: the direct oxidation of primary sulfides,the precipitation from low-temperature hydrothermal fluids, and microbial-mediated mineralization. Fe(oxyhydr)oxides formed by the oxidation of sulfides have typical chemical structures. It is composed of mainly goethite, minor hematite, lepidocrocite, ferrihydrite, schwertmannite, and natrojarosite. The formation of Fe(oxyhydr)oxide is generally dependent on the oxidation-hydrolysis-precipitation of sulfides or solid-state transformation of precursor materials. Minerals precipitated by the low-temperature hydrothermal fluids, mainly include opal-A, Si-ferrihydrite,and nontronite. Temperature is the most important factor controlling the precipitation of these minerals. As the temperature dropping, the sequence of mineral precipitation transitions from opal-A to Si-ferrihydrite and nontronite. It is noteworthy that a large number of ultrastructures with unique morphologies and compositions are present on the accumulation of Fe(-Si)(oxyhydr)oxides, including sheaths, stalks, and twisted stalks. They are Fe oxide crusts formed by Leptothrix ochracea, Mariprofundus ferrooxidans, and Gallionella ferroginea during the life activities. This study comprehensively summarized the origin and formation mechanism of Fe(-Si)(oxyhydr)oxides in submarine hydrothermal systems, and provided clues for understanding the evolution of weathering residual gossan and the diagenesis of banded iron formation.
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基本信息:
DOI:10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2025102101
中图分类号:P736
引用信息:
[1]侯晓帆,辛友志,孙治雷,等.海底热液系统中铁氧化物的类型与形成机制研究[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2025,45(06):47-58.DOI:10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2025102101.
基金信息:
国家自然科学基金集成项目“西太平洋流固界面物质循环及其演变集成研究”(92358301),“冲绳海槽冷泉、热液共生区流体过程追溯与碳循环机理研究”(42476082),“海洋甲烷拦截带对冷泉流体的消耗研究:来自南海东沙海域的观测与研究”(42176057);国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(C类)“冲绳海槽冷泉区碳释放与埋藏:基于反应-传输模型的定量化研究”(42406046); 国家地质调查专项“CSHC中北部海洋区域地质调查”(DD20230402)